来自Exoplanet转运的原始光线数据太复杂，无法胆量应用传统的异常检测方法。我们提出了一种架构，其估计与一对变形自身额外的主要传输和剩余偏差的潜在表示。我们使用两个制造的数据集显示，我们的异常传输残差的潜在表示比原始数据或传统变分性AutoEncoder的潜在代表更具可均衡的差异。然后，我们将方法应用于真实的Exoplanet Transit数据。我们的研究是第一个自动识别异常外延传输光线曲线。我们还释放了三个首次的数据集以实现进一步的研究。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

在许多情况下，有必要通过观察时间序列监视复杂的系统，并确定何时发生异源事件，以便采取相关的动作。确定当前的观察是否异常是具有挑战性的。它需要从历史数据中学习动力学的外推性概率模型，并使用有限数量的当前观察结果来进行分类。我们利用长期概率预测的最新进展，即{\ em Deep概率Koopman}，构建了一种在多维时序数据中对异常进行分类的通用方法。我们还展示了如何利用具有域知识的模型来减少I型和II型错误。我们展示了我们提出的关于全球大气污染监测的重要现实世界任务的方法，并将其与NASA的全球地球系统模型集成在一起。该系统成功地检测到由于COVID-19锁定和野火等事件而导致的空气质量异常情况。

基础模型（FMS）已证明了前所未有的功能，包括零拍学习，高保真数据合成和范围内的概括。但是，正如我们在本文中所显示的那样，FMS在专家任务上的开箱即用表现较差（例如，从语言查询中检索汽车手册技术插图），数据是看不见的，或者属于长尾的数据用于FM预训练的大型数据集的数据分布的一部分。这强调了在此类专家任务上明确评估和芬太尼FMS的必要性，这可以说是在实际现实世界中最重要的任务。在本文中，我们提出了围绕教授FMS了解技术文档的任务，通过学习将其图形插图与相应的语言描述相匹配的任务围绕着了解技术文档的任务。我们的FETA基准重点是公共汽车手册和销售目录手册中的文本对图像和图像到文本检索。 FETA配备了完全自动注释提取的程序（接受后将发布代码），从而使Feta轻松扩展到将来更多的文档类型和应用域。我们的自动注释导致自动性能指标显示，该指标与在人类策划注释中计算的指标一致（也发布）。我们提供多个基线和对FETA的流行FM的分析，从而导致一些有趣的发现，我们认为这对FM社区非常有价值，为现实世界中FMS应用于当前被标准基准的“忽视”的实践专家任务铺平了道路。在常见对象上。

大量的研究与逼真的传感器数据的产生有关。激光点云是由复杂的模拟或学习的生成模型生成的。通常利用生成的数据来启用或改善下游感知算法。这些程序来自两个主要问题：首先，如何评估生成数据的现实主义？其次，更现实的数据还会导致更好的感知表现吗？本文解决了问题，并提出了一个新颖的指标，以量化LiDar Point Cloud的现实主义。通过训练代理分类任务，可以从现实世界和合成点云中学到相关功能。在一系列实验中，我们证明了我们的指标的应用来确定生成的LiDAR数据的现实主义，并将我们的度量的现实主义估计与分割模型的性能进行比较。我们确认我们的指标为下游细分性能提供了指示。

基于采样的推理技术是现代宇宙学数据分析的核心;然而，这些方法与维度不良，通常需要近似或顽固的可能性。在本文中，我们描述了截短的边际神经比率估计（TMNRE）（即所谓的基于模拟的推断的新方法）自然避免了这些问题，提高了$（i）$效率，$（ii）$可扩展性和$ （iii）推断后的后续后续的可信度。使用宇宙微波背景（CMB）的测量，我们表明TMNRE可以使用比传统马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗（MCMC）方法更少模拟器呼叫的数量级来实现融合的后海后。值得注意的是，所需数量的样本有效地独立于滋扰参数的数量。此外，称为\ MEMPH {本地摊销}的属性允许对基于采样的方法无法访问的严格统计一致性检查的性能。 TMNRE承诺成为宇宙学数据分析的强大工具，特别是在扩展宇宙学的背景下，其中传统的基于采样的推理方法所需的时间级数融合可以大大超过$ \ Lambda $ CDM等简单宇宙学模型的时间。为了执行这些计算，我们使用开源代码\ texttt {swyft}来使用TMNRE的实现。

与单变量预测方法相比，在一组多个时间序列中培训的全球预测模型（GFM）在许多预测竞赛和现实世界应用方面表现出优越的结果。 ETS和Arima等统计预测模型的普及的一个方面是它们相对简单和可解释性（就相关的滞后，趋势，季节性等），而GFM通常缺乏可解释性，特别是对特定时间序列。这减少了基于预测的决策时对利益相关者的信任和信心，而不是能够理解预测。为了减轻这个问题，在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新颖的本地模型 - 不可知论解释方法来解释GFM的预测。我们培训更简单的单变量代理模型，这些模型被认为是通过自动启动或直截了当地作为时间序列的一步的全局黑匣子模型预测所获得的邻域内的邻域内的样本的可解释（例如，ETS）。需要解释哪些。之后，我们评估了对全球模型在定性和定量方面的预测的解释，例如准确性，保真度，稳定性和可理性，并且能够展示我们方法的好处。

背景：虽然卷积神经网络（CNN）实现了检测基于磁共振成像（MRI）扫描的阿尔茨海默病（AD）痴呆的高诊断准确性，但它们尚未应用于临床常规。这是一个重要原因是缺乏模型可理解性。最近开发的用于导出CNN相关性图的可视化方法可能有助于填补这种差距。我们调查了具有更高准确性的模型还依赖于先前知识预定义的判别脑区域。方法：我们培训了CNN，用于检测痴呆症和Amnestic认知障碍（MCI）患者的N = 663 T1加权MRI扫描的AD，并通过交叉验证和三个独立样本验证模型的准确性= 1655例。我们评估了相关评分和海马体积的关联，以验证这种方法的临床效用。为了提高模型可理解性，我们实现了3D CNN相关性图的交互式可视化。结果：跨三个独立数据集，组分离表现出广告痴呆症与控制的高精度（AUC $ \ GEQUQ $ 0.92）和MCI与控制的中等精度（AUC $ \约0.75美元）。相关性图表明海马萎缩被认为是广告检测的最具信息性因素，其其他皮质和皮质区域中的萎缩额外贡献。海马内的相关评分与海马体积高度相关（Pearson的r $ \大约$ -0.86，p <0.001）。结论：相关性地图突出了我们假设先验的地区的萎缩。这加强了CNN模型的可理解性，这些模型基于扫描和诊断标签以纯粹的数据驱动方式培训。

Array programming provides a powerful, compact, expressive syntax for accessing, manipulating, and operating on data in vectors, matrices, and higher-dimensional arrays [1]. NumPy is the primary array programming library for the Python language [2,3,4,5]. It plays an essential role in research analysis pipelines in fields as diverse as physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology, psychology, material science, engineering, finance, and economics. For example, in astronomy, NumPy was an important part of the software stack used in the discovery of gravitational waves [6] and the first imaging of a black hole [7].Here we show how a few fundamental array concepts lead to a simple and powerful programming paradigm for organizing, exploring, and analyzing scientific data. NumPy is the foundation upon which the entire scientific Python universe is constructed. It is so pervasive that several projects, targeting audiences with specialized needs, have developed their own NumPy-like interfaces and array objects. Because of its central position in the ecosystem, NumPy increasingly plays the role of an interoperability layer between these new array computation libraries.

3D models provide a common ground for different representations of human bodies. In turn, robust 2D estimation has proven to be a powerful tool to obtain 3D fits "in-thewild". However, depending on the level of detail, it can be hard to impossible to acquire labeled data for training 2D estimators on large scale. We propose a hybrid approach to this problem: with an extended version of the recently introduced SMPLify method, we obtain high quality 3D body model fits for multiple human pose datasets. Human annotators solely sort good and bad fits. This procedure leads to an initial dataset, UP-3D, with rich annotations. With a comprehensive set of experiments, we show how this data can be used to train discriminative models that produce results with an unprecedented level of detail: our models predict 31 segments and 91 landmark locations on the body. Using the 91 landmark pose estimator, we present state-ofthe art results for 3D human pose and shape estimation using an order of magnitude less training data and without assumptions about gender or pose in the fitting procedure. We show that UP-3D can be enhanced with these improved fits to grow in quantity and quality, which makes the system deployable on large scale. The data, code and models are available for research purposes.* This work was performed while J. Romero and F. Bogo were with the MPI-IS 2 ; P. V. Gehler with the BCCN 1 and MPI-IS 2 .